Antony, however, managed to trick Libo into pursuing some decoy ships, causing Libo's squadron to be trapped and attacked. Although Antony had amassed political support, Octavian still had opportunity to rival him as the leading member of the Caesarian faction. Another field in which Caesars genius went far beyond the requirements of his political ambition was his writings. [139] With peace in the West secured, Antony planned to retaliate against Parthia by invading their territory. Antony had lost the support of many Romans and supporters of Caesar when he opposed the motion to elevate Caesar to divine status. During his early military service, Antony married his cousin Antonia Hybrida Minor, the daughter of Gaius Antonius Hybrida. In 27 BC, Octavian was granted the title of Augustus, marking the final stage in the transformation of the Roman Republic into an empire, with himself as the first Roman emperor. Without their fleet, Caesar lacked the necessary transport ships to cross into Greece with his seven legions. After a forty-day siege, the Roman soldiers stormed the city and, despite Herod's pleas for restraint, acted without mercy, pillaging and killing all in their path, prompting Herod to complain to Antony. [110] Lucius and Fulvia, supported by their army, marched on Rome and promised the people an end to the Triumvirate in favor of Antony's sole rule. When his brother, Rome's client king Hyrcanus II, refused to accept Parthian domination, he was deposed in favor of Antigonus as Parthia's client king in Judea. He was also promised a future position with the Priestly College of Augurs and the consulship for 35 BC. The supporters of Caesar, led by Clodius, and the supporters of Pompey, led by Titus Annius Milo, routinely clashed. Likewise, the army of the Liberators also commanded an army of nineteen legions; their legions, however, were not at full strength while the legions of Antony and Octavian were. [123] Thereafter, with his son Artavasdes in Rome as a hostage, Tigranes would rule Armenia as an ally of Rome until his death in 55 BC. Meanwhile, Antony, with the rank of propraetordespite never having served as praetorwas installed as governor of Italy and commander of the army, stationed there while Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, one of Caesar's staff officers, ran the provisional administration of Rome itself. Its effects were confined to the western end of the Old World and were comparatively short-lived by Chinese or ancient Egyptian standards. Labienus recruited many of the former Republican soldiers to the Parthian campaign in opposition to Antony. In Hasmonean Judea, several Israelite delegations complained to Antony of the harsh rule of Phasael and Herod, the sons of Rome's assassinated chief minister in the territory of Judaea, who was an Edomite called Antipater the Idumaean. [70] Under the pretext of not being able to guarantee their safety, Antony relieved Brutus and Cassius of their judicial duties in Rome and instead assigned them responsibility for procuring wheat for Rome from Sicily and Asia. [note 2], Antony's association with Publius Clodius Pulcher allowed him to achieve greater prominence. Once in Armenia, Antony quickly marched back to Syria to protect his interests there by late 36 BC, losing an additional 8,000 soldiers along the way. At that time, Octavian, only a private citizen, lacked legal authority to command the Republic's armies, making his command illegal. You can try "ResetQuest 00167f0f" in console. Tensions escalated into open war, however, when Octavian divorced Claudia, Fulvia's daughter from her first husband Publius Clodius Pulcher. Quest Stages: 1 - Travel to the Fort via Cottonwood Cove. Augustus is known in some inscriptions as CAESAR DIVI FILIUS, Son of God, that is, Son of eternal Caesar. He married Livia and started to attack Antony in order to raise himself to power. Pharaoh Ptolemy XII Auletes had been deposed in a rebellion led by his daughter Berenice IV in 58 BC, forcing him to seek asylum in Rome. With such encouragements, the proscription produced deadly results; two thousand Roman knights were executed, and one third of the senate, among them Cicero, who was executed on 7 December. Caesar used his governorship as a launching point for his conquest of free Gaul. In the turmoil surrounding the assassination, Antony escaped Rome dressed as a slave, fearing Caesar's death would be the start of a bloodbath among his supporters. As a symbol of their renewed alliance, Antony married Octavia, Octavian's sister, in October 40 BC. As for the lost Anticato, a reply to Ciceros eulogy of Caesars dead opponent Marcus Porcius Cato, it is a testimony to Caesars political insight that he made the time to write it, in spite of the overwhelming military, administrative, and legislative demands on him. With the Treaty signed, Antony returned to the East, leaving Octavia in Italy. Yet, even if Caesar should prove to be of lesser stature than this Chinese colossus, he would still remain a giant by comparison with the common run of human beings (see also ancient Rome). Lepidus was then reduced to holding only Africa, and he assumed a clearly tertiary role in the Triumvirate. The senatorial Republicans increasingly viewed Antony as a new tyrant. Mark Antony, one of Caesar's best generals and colleagues, he smiles because he knows that he has a chance to have all of the power in Rome. Caesar's daughter Julia, who had married Pompey to secure the alliance, died in 54 BC while Crassus was killed at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC. Years before in 40 BC, the Roman senate had proclaimed Herod "King of the Jews" because Herod had been a loyal supporter of Hyrcanus II, Rome's previous client king before the Parthian invasion, and was from a family with long standing connections to Rome. [40] The battle gave Caesar a much needed boost in legitimacy, as prior to the battle much of the Roman world outside Italy supported Pompey and the Optimates as the legitimate government of Rome. According to the ancient historian Cassius Dio, Fulvia was the most powerful woman in Rome at the time. It is unclear if this was Antony's first marriage. Despite the ambush, Antony continued the campaign. For the next 150 years, Cato the martyr continued to be a nuisance, sometimes a menace, to Caesars successors. One argument is that Antony moved forward with the gesture on his own accord, possibly to embarrass or flatter Caesar. Antony again remained in Rome while Caesar, in 45 BC, sailed to Spain to defeat the final opposition to his rule. Antony, however, objected to the assignment, preferring to govern Cisalpine Gaul which had been assigned to Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, one of Caesar's assassins. The confiscations helped replenish the State Treasury, which had been depleted by Caesar's civil war the decade before; when this seemed insufficient to fund the imminent war against Brutus and Cassius, the Triumvirs imposed new taxes, especially on the wealthy. Antony arrived shortly and positioned his army on the south of the via Egnatia, while Octavian put his legions north of the road. Octavian's general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa captured the Greek city and naval port of Methone, loyal to Antony. [66] In particular, the offices assigned to both Brutus and Cassius by Caesar were likewise ratified. Mark OF The Beast. The Mark of Caesar is given to the Courier by Vulpes Inculta (or Alerio if Vulpes was killed) upon exiting The Tops casino after completing Ring-a-Ding-Ding! The following year, the Romans besieged Jerusalem. The festival was held in honor of Lupa, the she-wolf who suckled the infant orphans Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome. Open Document. [58] Cicero, though not personally involved in the conspiracy, later claimed Antony's actions sealed Caesar's fate as such an obvious display of Caesar's preeminence motivated them to act. A member of the plebeian Antonia gens, Antony was born in Rome[failed verification] on 14 January 83 BC. His political achievement required ability, in effect amounting to genius, in several different fields, including administration and generalship besides the minor arts of wire pulling and propaganda. Welcome to an exploration of Julius Caesar's greatest quotes, offering insights into the mind of a conqueror whose legacy has left an indelible mark on the w. [7] Antony's contemporary and enemy, Cicero, charged that he had a homosexual relationship with Gaius Scribonius Curio. [65] On 17 March, at Antony's arrangement, the senate met to discuss a compromise, which, due to the presence of Caesar's veterans in the city, was quickly reached. Though the blockade was defeated, control of Sicily remained in Sextus' hand, but the defeat of the Liberators was the Triumvirate's first priority. ), or Marcus Antonius, was an ally of Julius Caesar and the main rival of his successor Octavian (later. A Parthian army, led by Orodes II's eldest son Pacorus, invaded Syria in early 40 BC. [130] Instead, Antony dispatched Publius Ventidius Bassus to check the Parthian advance. [157][158] He had many mistresses (including Cytheris) and was married in succession to Fadia, Antonia, Fulvia, Octavia and Cleopatra. When he is brought one of the unsigned letters that Cassius has had left for him to find, Brutus decides to act. In this position, Antony could protect Caesar from his political enemies, by vetoing any actions unfavorable to his patron. Antony enacted the Lex Antonia, which formally abolished the Dictatorship, in an attempt to consolidate his power by gaining the support of the senatorial class. Ruling from Ephesus, Antony consolidated Rome's hegemony in the East, receiving envoys from Rome's client kingdoms and intervening in their dynastic affairs, extracting enormous financial "gifts" from them in the process. Of these, his speeches, letters, and pamphlets are lost. The reconciliation came soon after Antony rejected an offer by Gaius Trebonius, one of Caesar's generals, to join a conspiracy to assassinate Caesar. Antony opposed the law for political and personal reasons: he believed Caesar would not support such massive relief and suspected Dolabella had seduced his wife Antonia Hybrida Minor. [151] Antony's honours were revoked and his statues removed,[152] but he was not subject to a complete damnatio memoriae. The Beast was Emperor Nero. Under an agreement with Octavian, Antony would be supplied with extra troops for his campaign. [122] Fulvia's death and the mutiny of their soldiers allowed the triumvirs to effect a reconciliation through a new power sharing agreement in September 40 BC. By dallying with her at Alexandria, he risked losing what he had just won at Pharsalus. Crassus' defeat forced Armenia to shift its loyalty to Parthia, with Artavasdes II's sister marrying Orodes' son and heir Pacorus. However, when Octavian returned to the city with his army, the pair were forced to retreat to Perusia in Etruria. Brutus committed suicide the day after the defeat and the remainder of his army swore allegiance to the Triumvirate. Brutus assumed sole command of the Liberator army and preferred a war of attrition over open conflict. Later, Caesar sought to exercise his prerogatives as Dictator and directly proclaim Dolabella as consul instead. We read of God's Mark of "seal" upon His people in Revelation, Rev. they answered. Antony, who recognized that Antigonus would remain a permanent threat to Herod, ordered him beheaded in Antioch. He was a major figure in the Second Catilinarian Conspiracy and was summarily executed on the orders of the consul Cicero in 63 BC for his involvement.[8]. Caesar had entrusted the defense of Illyricum to Gaius Antonius, Antony's younger brother, and Publius Cornelius Dolabella. Antony was assigned Rome's eastern provinces, including the client kingdom of Egypt, then ruled by Cleopatra VII Philopator, and was given the command in Rome's war against Parthia. The East was in need of reorganization after the rule of the Liberators in the previous years. A summary of Act II, scene i in William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. [120][121] Meanwhile, in Sicyon, Fulvia died of a sudden and unknown illness. [31] During the southern march, Caesar placed Antony as his second in command. Octavian continued to recruit Caesar's veterans to his side, away from Antony, with two of Antony's legions defecting in November 44 BC. [17] With the rebellion defeated by 56 BC, Gabinius restored Hyrcanus to his position as High Priest in Judea. RT @BoylanRoger: Mark Antony, aka Richard Burton, grabs a smoke in between scenes of "Cleopatra." Julius Caesar, aka Rex Harrison, is enthroned behind him, chatting with a civilian. Hoping to escape his creditors, Antony fled to Greece in 58 BC, where he studied philosophy and rhetoric at Athens. He could either denounce the Liberatores as murderers and alienate the senate or he could maintain his support for the compromise and risk betraying the legacy of Caesar, strengthening Octavian's position. The proscribed were named on public lists, stripped of citizenship, and outlawed. Several times Antony was summoned to Rome, but remained in Alexandria with Cleopatra.[147]. His legions, however, quickly joined Antony, giving him control over seventeen legions, the largest army in the West.[88]. It is not a barcode. Antony was an infant at the time of Lucius Cornelius Sulla's march on Rome in 82 BC. 40 - White Glove Society 70 - Destroy Brotherhood of Steel Through his eldest daughter, he was ancestor to the long line of kings and co-rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom, the longest-living Roman client kingdom, as well as the rulers and royalty of several other Roman client states. Antony offered battle several times, but the Liberators were not lured to leave their defensive stand. When Caesar refused it, however, the crowd was enthusiastic. Though the Armenian King Artavasdes II and his cavalry were present during the massacre, they did not intervene. Panicked, many of the conspirators fled Italy. Caesar attempted to get away, but, being drenched by blood, he tripped and fell. The Mark allows safe passage to Caesar's camp, even if the player has a low reputation with Caesar's Legion. Artavasdes II offered Crassus the aid of nearly forty thousand troops to assist his Parthian expedition on the condition that Crassus invade through Armenia as the safer route. Their centurions, who had become important figures politically, refused to fight due to their shared service under Caesar. Fulvia had previously been married to both Publius Clodius Pulcher and Gaius Scribonius Curio, having been a widow since Curio's death in the battle of the Bagradas in 49 BC. With the help of Antony's brother, the consul of 41 BC Lucius Antonius, Fulvia encouraged the senate to oppose Octavian's land policies. Three days later, on 10 January, Caesar crossed the Rubicon, initiating the Civil War. Visited by the conspirators, he agrees to join them but rejects their plan to kill Mark Antony as well as Caesar. [30] With all hopes of finding a peaceful solution gone after Antony's expulsion, Caesar used Antony as a pretext for marching on Rome. Surrounded by Cleopatra and her children, Antony ended his alliance with Octavian. The senate, as was custom, assigned Antony and Dolabella the provinces of Macedonia and Syria, respectively, to govern in 43 BC after their consular terms expired. [22][23] The Triumvirate used Publius Clodius Pulcher, Antony's patron, to exile their political rivals, notably Cicero[24] and Cato the Younger. Additionally, Cleopatra left Rome to return to Egypt. In the following years, Octavian, who was known as Augustus after 27 BC, managed to accumulate in his person all administrative, political, and military offices. [130], Antony, then in Egypt with Cleopatra, did not respond immediately to the Parthian invasion. as part of the quest Render Unto Caesar. Mark Antony: Early Life and Alliance with Julius Caesar Marcus Antonius was born in Rome in 83 B.C., the son of an ineffective praetor (military commander) and grandson of a noted consul and . [90] After two days of discussions, the group agreed to establish a three man dictatorship to govern the Republic for five years, known as the "Three Men for the Restoration of the Republic" (Latin: "Triumviri Rei publicae Constituendae"), known to modern historians as the Second Triumvirate. All Caesars speeches and writings, lost and extant, apparently served political purposes. [134][135], Ventidius feared Antony's wrath if he invaded Parthian territory, thereby stealing his glory; so instead he attacked and subdued the eastern kingdoms, which had revolted against Roman control following the disastrous defeat of Crassus at Carrhae. As tribune, Antony's person was sacrosanct, so it was unlawful to harm him or to refuse to recognize his veto. They had plenty of time to fortify their position with a rampart and a ditch. [127][128] Despite Rome's internal turmoil during the time, the Parthians did not immediately benefit from the power vacuum in the East due to Orodes II's reluctance despite Labienus' urgings to the contrary.[129]. Assuming a defensive position at the plain of Pharsalus, Caesar's army prepared for pitched battle with Pompey's, which outnumbered his own two to one. It is not your credit card. [126] Before Caesar could launch his campaign, however, he was assassinated. The speech of Marc Antony in Act 3, Scene 2 of the tragic play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare is one of the most thrilling moments in the play. Clodius, through the influence of his benefactor Marcus Licinius Crassus, had developed a positive political relationship with Julius Caesar. When Antony died, Octavian became uncontested ruler of Rome. The rumour is credible, though not proved, and was repeated throughout Caesars life. [38] Antony, however, was stripped of all official positions and received no appointments for the year 46 BC or 45 BC. The Triumvirs defeated Caesar's killers, the Liberatores, at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, and divided the government of the Republic between themselves. Despite a temporary alienation later in life, Antony and Caesar developed friendly relations which would continue until Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. [52] The political atmosphere of Rome at the time of the festival was deeply divided. In this play . He did not succeed, however. His image was publicly adored. [54], When Antony offered Caesar the crown, there had been minor applause but mostly silence from the crowd. From his base in Sicily, Sextus raided the Italian coast and blockaded the Triumvirs. Herod, however, fearing that Antigonus would win backing in Rome, bribed Antony to execute Antigonus. With food sources running low, Caesar, in July, ordered a nocturnal assault on Pompey's camp, but Pompey's larger forces pushed back the assault. Early life and career Thus, in history, Antony appears as one of Caesar's main adherents, he and Octavian Augustus being the two men around whom power coalesced following the assassination of Caesar, and finally as one of the three men chiefly responsible for the demise of the Roman Republic.[156]. Mark Antony delivers a funeral speech for Julius Caesar following Caesar's assassination at the hands of Brutus and the conspirators, but he is only allowed to do so as long as he does not badmouth the conspirators for their role in Caesar's death. The Mark of Caesar is given to the player by Vulpes Inculta (or Alerio, if Vulpes was killed) upon exiting The Tops Casino . The Greek historian Plutarch records it was Antony who convinced Gabinius to finally act. Brutus put his camp on the north while Cassius occupied the south of the via Egnatia. [159][160] Through his daughters by Octavia, he would be ancestor to the Roman emperors Caligula, Claudius and Nero. According to the historian Plutarch, Antony spent his teenage years wandering through Rome with his brothers and friends gambling, drinking, and becoming involved in scandalous love affairs. Only his accounts (both incomplete and supplemented by other hands) of the Gallic War and the civil war survive. Caesar's assassins would be pardoned of their crimes and, in return, all of Caesar's actions would be ratified. Rome was effectively under the absolute power of these three men. Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Quick walkthrough 3 Detailed walkthrough 3.1 Part 2: Mr. House 3.2 Part 3: Boomers 3.3 Part 4: White Glove Society 3.4 Part 5: Brotherhood of Steel 3.5 Part 6: Caesar's Illness 3.6 Part 7: President Kimball's Assassination 3.7 Part 8: Legate's Camp 4 Quest stages Caesar had enacted a number of constitutional reforms which centralized effectively all political powers within his own hands. In 95 BC, Tigranes the Great, a Parthian ally, became king. In the summer of 41 BC, Antony, to reassert Roman power in the East, conquered Palmyra on the Roman-Parthian border. When Antony protested, Caesar was forced to withdraw the motion out of shame. Then only nineteen years old and stationed with Caesar's army in Macedonia, the youth became a member of Caesar's Julian clan, changing his name to "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus" (Octavian) in accordance with the conventions of Roman adoption. His officers, however, were dissatisfied with these defensive tactics and his Caesarian veterans threatened to defect, forcing Brutus to give battle at the second battle of Philippi on 23 October. 0013BF5B.Disable. Avenging Caesar's murder, Octavian and Antony collaborated to defeat the forces of assassination plot leaders Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus in 42 B.C. Shah Orodes II, overwhelmed by the grief of his son's death, appointed his younger son Phraates IV as his successor. He prepared his seven books on the Gallic War for publication in 51 bce when he still had serious revolts in Gaul on his hands, and he wrote his books on the civil war and his Anticato in the hectic years between 49 and 44 bce. However, following Marcus Licinius Crassus's defeat at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC, Armenia was forced into an alliance with Parthia due to Rome's weakened position in the East. Ventidius' actions temporarily halted the Parthian advance and restored Roman authority in the East, forcing Pacorus to abandon his conquests and return to Parthia. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Mark Antony, bringing in Caesar's body, refutes Brutus's charge of ambition against Caesar, displays Caesar's wounds, and reveals that Caesar had made the common people his heirs. It is also speculated that Antony's legions, composed largely of Caesarian veterans, did not wish to fight the adoptive son of their former general. Caesar's political rivals feared these reforms were his attempts at transforming the Republic into an open monarchy. [12] He may also have been involved in the Lupercal cult as he was referred to as a priest of this order later in life. [46] Antony again protested and, in his capacity as an Augur, declared the omens were unfavorable and Caesar again backed down. I will write on him the name of My God and the name of the city of My God, the New Jerusalem, which comes down out of heaven from My God. He distributed kingdoms among his children: Alexander Helios was named king of Armenia, Media and Parthia (territories which were not for the most part under the control of Rome), his twin Cleopatra Selene got Cyrenaica and Libya, and the young Ptolemy Philadelphus was awarded Syria and Cilicia. First Century A.D. " We have always suspected that the mark of the beast was the Caesar's minted coins as the whole " Render unto Caesar " bit was actually about giving . The legions, however, were composed of former Republican troops and Labienus convinced Orodes II to invade. Shortly after the compromise was reached, as a sign of good faith, Brutus, against the advice of Cassius and Cicero, agreed Caesar would be given a public funeral and his will would be validated. While Antony was serving Gabinius in the East, the domestic political situation had changed in Rome. Yet he involved himself at least twice in escapades that might have wrecked his career. A proclaimed philhellene ("Friend of all things Greek"), Antony supported Greek culture to win the loyalty of the inhabitants of the Greek East. Along with years of propaganda against Cleopatra being published by the Romans dating back to the days of Julius Caesar. [53] Additionally, on 1 January 44 BC, Caesar had been named Dictator for Life, effectively granting unlimited power. In late 42 he and Cassius met Mark Antony and Octavian (later the emperor Augustus) in two battles at Philippi. The enormous popularity of Octavian with the legions secured the defection of the provinces of Cyrenaica and Greece to his side. In 57 BC, Antony joined the military staff of Aulus Gabinius, the Proconsul of Syria, as chief of the cavalry. [4][6][7] The elder Antony's death left Antony and his brothers, Lucius and Gaius, in the care of their mother, Julia, who later married Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, an eminent member of the old Patrician nobility. did you do this before or after getting the mark of caesar? Nero was the head of the Beast (Roman Empire) who had the fatal wound. The parade through the city was a pastiche of Rome's most important military celebration. [42] Caesar then sailed to Egypt, where he deposed Ptolemy XIII in favor of his sister Cleopatra in 47 BC. By ignoring the warnings, his false confidence leaves him open to attack. During the festival's activities, Antony publicly offered Caesar a diadem, which Caesar threw off. Julius Caesar allowed himself to be worshiped as a god, but his successor Augustus only allowed emperor worship outside of the city of Rome. The rise of Caesar and the subsequent civil war between his two most powerful adherents effectively ended the credibility of the Roman oligarchy as a governing power and ensured that all future power struggles would centre upon which one individual would achieve supreme control of the government, eliminating the senate and the former magisterial structure as important foci of power in these conflicts. Within moments, the group of five conspirators stabbed Caesar one by one. )", "The authenticity and validity of Antony's will", "Antony, Augustus, and Damnatio Memoriae", "Powerful concubines and influential courtesans", Parallel Lives (Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans), Shakespeare's Funeral Oration of Mark Antony in English and Latin translation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&oldid=1149786356, Marriage to first paternal cousin Antonia Hybrida Minor, daughter of, As Cleopatra's guardian and level boss (of Lust) in the Xbox 360 game, This page was last edited on 14 April 2023, at 12:18. Antony, in his first months in the East, raised money, reorganized his troops, and secured the alliance of Rome's client kingdoms. Wintering in Antioch during 37, Antony's combined RomanEgyptian army numbered some 200,000, including sixteen legions (approximately 160,000 soldiers) plus an additional 40,000 auxiliaries. Both consuls, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius, and a third of the senate abandoned Rome to meet Antony and Cleopatra in Greece. Though he left Alexandria for Tyre in early 40 BC, when he learned of the civil war between his wife and Octavian, he was forced to return to Italy with his army to secure his position in Rome rather than defeat the Parthians. After a year of service in Gaul, Caesar dispatched Antony to Rome to formally begin his political career, receiving election as quaestor for 52 BC as a member of the Populares faction. In early 48 BC, he prepared to sail with seven legions to Greece to face Pompey. [9] This form of slander was popular during this time in the Roman Republic to demean and discredit political opponents. The evil that men do lives after them; The good is oft interred with their bones; So let it be with Caesar. Following the defeat of Brutus and Cassius, while Antony was stationed in the East, Octavian had authority over the West. His physical energy was of the same order. Antony, still in the West negotiating with Octavian, ordered Sosius to depose Antigonus, who had been installed in the recent Parthian invasion as the ruler of Hasmonean Judea, and to make Herod the new Roman client king in the region. The consuls for the year, Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior and Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, were firm Optimates opposed to Caesar. Though Pompey found the concession satisfactory, Cato and Lentulus refused to back down, with Lentulus even expelling Antony from the senate meeting by force. Caesar's rapid advance surprised Pompey, who, along with the other chief members of the Optimates, fled Italy for Greece. [44] Without Caesar to guide him, however, Antony quickly faced political difficulties and proved himself unpopular. That last part is key. 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Alliance with Octavian, Antony married Octavia, Octavian still had opportunity to rival him as leading! Trapped and attacked tripped and fell influence of his successor a summary of act II, scene i William! Had changed in Rome [ failed verification ] on 14 January 83 BC loyalty Parthia.